XV. III GROUP ELEMENTS
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties - Chemical properties with reference to oxides, halides and hydroxides. Aluminium: Occurrence - extraction - purification (electrolytic) - typical physical and chemical properties - uses including aluminothermic process - Preparation, properties and uses of Potash Alum. Electron deficient compounds: Concept and examples, Diborane: Preparation, properties and structure
XVI. IV GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties of carbon and silicon. Physical forms of Carbon: Allotropy of carbon - structure of diamond and graphite. Preparation - properties - structure and uses of Silicon and SiO2 . Comparison of SiO2 with CO2..Fuel gases: Producer gas and water gas - preparation - calorific values and uses.
XVII. V GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the period table - trends in physical properties. Chemical Properties of Compounds of Nitrogen & Phosphorous: Hydrides, Oxides, Halides and structural aspects of Oxy - acids. Industrial Preparation and Uses of : Ammonia, and Super phosphate of lime.
XVIII. VI GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties - allotropy of elements. Chemical Properties of Compounds of Oxygen and Sulphur: Hydrides, oxides, halides and structural aspects of Oxy acids. Preparation, properties and uses of Ozone, Sodium thiosulphate.
XIX. VII GROUP ELEMENTS:
General Characteristics: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table - trends in physical properties. Fluorine and Chlorine: Preparation, properties and uses. Structure and oxidation states of Oxides and oxyacids of chlorine. Bleaching Powder: Preparation, properties and uses.
XX. NOBLE GASES:
Discovery, Occurrence and isolation. Chemistry of Noble Gases and their uses
XXI. TRANSITION ELEMENTS (d block):
General characteristics of: Electronic configuration - position in the long form of the periodic table. Properties : Oxidation states - colour forming ability - alloy formation - magnetic properties Coordination complexes: Werner's notations (elementary account)
XXII. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:
Terminology: Environment, pollutant, contaminant, receptor, sink, speciation, dissolved oxygen, threshold limit. Air Pollution: Common air pollutants - CO and oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur - acid rains and green house effect Water pollution: Common Water pollutants. Organic Pollutants, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Inorganic pollutants - Water treatment with respect to fluorine content Ozone layer and effect of freons (CFC)
XXIII. HYDROCARBONS - I (ALKANES AND ALKENES) :
Classification - Formation of sigma and pi bonds. Homologous series - concept and its significance. Isomerism: Concept, Structural isomerism (chain, position, functional isomerism). Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydro Carbons : IUPAC system Methane and Ethane: Preparation by reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz method, Grignard method, de-carboxylation, Kolbe's'electrolysis, Sabtier - Senderen's reaction . Chemical Properties: Halogenation, Nitration, Pyrolysis, Oxidation - Uses Ethylene: Methods of preparation: dehydration of alcohols - dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides - dehalogenation of dihalides. Properties of Ethylene: Addition of hydrogen - halogens - hydrogen halides - water - hypohalous acids -mineral acids - polymerisation - oxidation (with Beayers reagent) - ozonolysis - Uses.
XXIV. HYDROCARBONS - II
Acetylene: preparation - Dehydrohalogenation of 1,2 - dihalides - hydrolysis of CaC2 dehalogenation - Kolbe's electrolysis Properties: Oxidation, addition of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water, trimerization, salt formation, decolorization of Br2/CCl4 - uses Benzene: Preparation from acetylene, coal tar distillation, structure of benzene, resonance - aromatic property. Properties: Friedel - Craft's reaction, halogenation, nitration, sulphonation - Uses.
XXV. ALKYL HALIDES
Nomenclature and classification to Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Alkyl halides Ethyl Chloride: Preparation - from alcohols using Lucas reagent, PCl3, PCl5 and SOCl2. Properties: Reduction, hydrolysis, dehydrohalogenation, Wurtz reaction, reactions with KNO2, AgNO2, KCN, AgCN, Mg and sodium ethoxide. Chloroform: Preparation from ethanol using bleaching powder & water and chloralhydrate. Properties: Oxidation, isocyanide formation - hydrolysis - uses
XXVI. ALCOHOLS
Nomenclature and classification to Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Alcohols Ethanol: Preparation - Hydrolysis of alkyl halides, hydration of alkenes, fermentation of molasses & starch, Properties: Hydrogen bonding - Reaction with sodium , esterification, action with conc H2SO4 , reaction with Lucas reagent, PBr3, PCl5, oxidation with Potassium dichromate and Cu / 300oc. Combustion, chloroform formation. Differentiation with Lucas reagent - Uses.
XXVII. ETHERS
Nomenclature - Diethyl ether - Preparation from alcohols-Williamson synthesis - Properties - Reaction with HI-Uses.
XXVIII. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES :
Nomenclature - Acetaladehyde & Acetone: Preparations - Oxidation of Alcohols, heating calcium salts. Properties: oxidation, reduction with H2 / Ni and LiAlH4, addition of NaHSO3, HCN, NH3, hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine, 2,4 - DNP, aldol condensation, oxidation with Tollen's and Fehlings reagents.
XXIX. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Nomenclature - Acetic Acid - Preparations - Oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes , hydrolysis of cyanides. Properties: Acidity - reactions with Na, NaOH, NaHCO3, esterification - acid cholrides, anhydrides, amides formation, halogenation - Uses.
XXX. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Nomenclature - Nitro-Benzene - Preparation - nitration of Benzene. Properties : Reduction in acidic , basic, neutral media and with LiAlH4 - Uses Aniline: Classification of amines - Preparation : reduction of nitro benzene. Properties: basic nature - salt formation with HCl, alkylation, N - acetylation, N- benzoyalation , diazotisation - carbylamine reaction - Uses.
XXXI: CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE:
Importance of Metals in the bio molecules viz., Haemoglobin, Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12) and chlorophyll (Elementary treatment) Common Drugs used in Medicine: Actyl Salicylic acid (Aspirin) - Paracetamol (Elementary treatment of these two only).