UNIT 13: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of reaction. Average and instantaneous rates. Rate expressions. Rate constant. Rate law. Order and molecularity. Integrated rate law expressions for zero and first order reactions and their derivations. Units of rate constant. Half life period. Temperature dependence of rate constant. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy and related numerical problems. Elementary and complex reactions with examples.
UNIT 14: SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption: Physical and chemical adsorption. Factors affecting adsorption. Effect of pressure. Freundlisch adsorption isotherm. Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Catalysis. Enzymes. Zeolites. Colloids: Colloids and suspensions. Dispersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids: Lyophobic, lyophilic, multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids. Preparation, properties and protection of colloids. Gold number. Hardy Schulze rule. Emulsions.
UNIT 15: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND ORGANOMETALLICS
Ligand. Coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds. Isomerism in coordination compounds. Geometrical, optical and structural isomerism. Bonding in coordination compounds. Werner’s coordination theory. Valence bond approach. Hybridization and geometry. Magnetic properties of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Introduction to crystal field theory. Splitting of d orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral fields (qualitative only). Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis and biological systems such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 (structures not included).
UNIT 16: BASIC PRINCIPLES, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. Tetra valence of carbon. Catenation. Hybridization (sp, sp2 and sp3). Shapes of simple molecules. General introduction to naming of organic compounds. Trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature. Illustrations with examples. Structural isomerism. Examples of functional groups containing oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and halogens. Purification of carbon compounds: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography (column and paper only). Qualitative analysis: Detection of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens. Quantitative analysis: Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens (principles only), and related numerical problems. Determination of molecular mass: Silver salt method and chloroplatinate salt method. Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae.
UNIT 17: HYDROCARBONS
Classification of hydrocarbons. Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature and conformation of ethane, propane, butane and cyclohexane. 3D structures and 2D projections (Sawhorse and Newman). Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature. Geometrical isomerism in alkenes. Stability of alkenes. General methods of preparation. Physical and chemical properties. Markownikoff’s rule. Peroxide effect. Acidic character of alkynes. Polymerization reactions of dienes. Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature. Isomerism. Source of aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal and petroleum. Benzene and its homologues. Structure of Benzene. Resonance. Delocalisation in benzene. Concept of aromaticity (an elementary idea). Chemical reactions of benzene. Polynuclear hydrocarbons and their toxicity. Petroleum and petrochemicals: Composition of crude oil. Fractionation. Uses of different fractions. Quality of gasoline. LPG and CNG. Cracking and reforming of petrochemicals
UNIT 18: ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, electromeric, resonance and hyperconjugation effects. Fission of a covalent bond. Free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions. Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions. Illustrations with examples. Mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions in alkenes. Concept of delocalisation of electrons. Addition reactions in dienes (1,2– and 1,4- additions). Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on reactivity (in benzene ring only).
UNIT 19: STEREOCHEMISTRY
Stereoisomerism: Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism. Specific rotation. Chirality and chiral objects. Chiral molecules. Configuration and Fischer projections. Asymmetric carbon. Elements of symmetry. Compounds containing one chiral center. Enantiomers. Racemic form. Racemization. Compounds containing two chiral centers. Diastereo isomers. Meso form. Resolution. Importance of stereochemistry.
UNIT 20: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING HALOGENS
Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nomenclature and general methods of preparation. Physical properties. Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes. Chemical properties and uses of chloromethane and chlorobenzene. Polyhalogen compounds: Preparation and properties of chloroform and iodoform. Uses of some commercially important compounds (chloroform, iodoform, DDT, BHC and freon).
UNIT 21: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING OXYGEN
Alcohols: Nomenclature. Important methods of preparation (from aldehydes, ketones, alkyl halides and hydration of alkenes). Manufacture of ethanol from molasses and starch. Physical and chemical properties. Reactions with alkali metals and acids. Formation of alkenes, ethers and esters. Reactions with PX3, PX5, SOCl2. Oxidation of alcohols. Dehydrogenation. Phenols: Nomenclature. Preparation of phenol (from sodium benzenesulphonate, benzene diazoniumchloride and chlorobenzene). Physical and chemical properties of phenol. Acidity of phenol. Action of phenol with FeCl3. Bromination, sulphonation and nitration of phenol. Ethers: Nomenclature. Methods of preparation (from alcohols and alkyl halides). Williamson’s synthesis. Physical and chemical properties. Formation of peroxides. Actions with HI, HF and H2SO4. Some commercially important compounds: Methanol, ethanol (fermentation), glycol and glycerol. Ascending and descending in alcohol series. Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of carbonyl group. Methods of preparation  (from alcohols, acid chlorides, ozonolysis of alkenes and hydration of alkynes). Friedel-Crafts acylation for acetophenone. General properties (physical and chemical) of aldehydes and ketones. Formation of paraldehyde and metaldehyde. Addition of NaHSO3,NH3 and its derivatives, Grignard reagent, HCN and alcohols. Oxidation reactions with Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution. Oxidation of ketones. Reduction with LiAlH4. Clemmensen reduction. Wolff- Kischner reduction. Aldol condensation. Cannizzaro reaction. Carboxylic acid: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of –COOH. Methods of Preparation (from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkyl benzenes and hydrolysis of cyanide). Physical properties. Effects of substituents on acid strength. Chemical reactions. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Nomenclature. Esters, acid chlorides, amides and anhydrides. Important methods of
preparation.
UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING NITROGEN
Nitrocompounds: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of nitro group. Preparation and properties. Amines: Nomenclature. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Basic nature. Chemical reaction. Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and isocyanides. Diazonium salts. Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene diazoniumchloride in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 23: POLYMERS AND BIOMOLCULES
Polymers: Classification. Addition and condensation polymerization. Copolymerization. Natural rubber and vulcanization. Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Biopolymers. Biodegradable polymers. Some commercially important polymers: Polyethene, polystyrene, PVC, Teflon, PAN, BUNA-N, BUNA-S, neoprene, Terylene, glyptal, nylon-6, nylon-66 and Bakelite. Biomolecules: The cell energy cycle. Classification of carbohydrates. Structure and properties of glucose. Reducing and non-reducing sugars: Properties of sucrose, maltose and lactose (structures not included). Polysaccharides: Properties of
starch and cellulose. Proteins: Amino acids. Zwitterions. Peptide bond. Polypeptides. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein. Denaturation of proteins. Enzymes. Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA, and their chemical composition. Primary structure of DNA. Double helix. Replication, translation and transcription. Protein synthesis. Genetic code. Lipids: Classification, structural features and functions in biosynthesis. Hormones: Classification, structural features and functions in biosystems. Vitamins: Classification and functions in biosystems.
UNIT 24: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE
Soil, water and air pollutions. Ozone layer. Smog. Acid rain. Green house effect and global warming. Industrial air pollution. Importance of green chemistry. Chemicals in medicine and health care. Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, antacids and dyes. Classification of dyes with examples. Indigo, methyl orange and alizarin. Chemicals in cosmetics: Creams, perfumes, talc powder and deodorants. Advanced materials: Carbon fibers, ceramics, chemicals in food, preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants and edible colours. Insect repellents. Pheromones. Sex attractants. Rocket propellants: Characteristics and  chemicals used.