UNIT 11. Waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves, wave motion, displacement relation for a progressive wave, speed of a traveling wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats, Doppler effect of sound with applications.
UNIT 12: Electrostatics
Frictional electricity; Properties of electric charges - conservation, additivity and quantisation.
Coulomb’s law – Forces between two point electric charges, Forces between multiple electric charges; Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field and its physical significance, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; Electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole and behavior and dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric potential-physical meaning, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges, electric dipoles in an electrostatic field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’ theorem-its application to find field due to an infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Conductors and insulators-presence of free charges and bound charges; Dielectrics and electric polarization, general concept of a capacitor and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Van de Graff generator.
UNIT 13: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, their relation with electric current;Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, limitations of Ohm’s law, electrical resistivity and conductivity, classification of materials in terms of conductivity; Superconductivity (elementary idea); Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; combination of resistances - series and parallel. Temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance of a cell, Potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchoff’s laws-illustration by simple applications, Wheatstone bridge and its applications, Meter bridge. Potentiometer - principle and applications to measure potential difference, comparison of emf of two cells and  determination of internal resistance of a cell. Electric power, thermal effects of current and Joule’s law; Chemical effects of current, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, Electrochemical cells, Primary and secondary cells, solid state cells.Thermoelectricity-origin, elementary ideas of Seebeck effect, Peltier effect and Thomson effect. Thermocouple, Thermo emf, neutral and inversion temperatures, Measurement of temperature using a thermo- couple.
UNIT 14: Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism
Concept of a magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment, Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field due to an infinitely long current carrying straight wire and a circular loop, Ampere’s circuital law and its applications to straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field, cyclotron. Force on current carrying conductor and torque on current loop in magnetic fields, force between two parallel current carrying conductors, definition of the ampere. Moving coil galvanometer and its conversion
into ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole, magnetic moment, torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, Lines of force in magnetic field. Comparison of a bar magnet and solenoid. Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer. Para, dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples. Electromagnets and permanent magnets.
UNIT 15: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating current
Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws, Induced e.m.f. and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, self and mutual inductance. Alternating current, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance, L.C. oscillations, LCR series circuit. (Phasor diagram), Resonant circuits and Q-factor; power in A.C. circuits, wattless current.AC generator and Transformer.
UNIT 16: Electromagnetic Waves
Properties of electromagnetic waves and Maxwell’s contributions (qualitative ideas), Hertz’s experiments, Electromagnetic spectrum (different regions and applications), propagation of electromagnetic waves in earth’s atmosphere.
UNIT 17: Optics
Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, spherical lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula; Magnification, Power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact; Refraction and dispersion of light due to a prism, Scattering of light, Blue colour of the sky and appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments, Compound microscope, astronomical telescope (refraction and reflection type) and their magnifying powers. Spectrometer -its use for determination of refractive index of the material of a prism. Wave front and Huygen’s principle. Reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts (qualitative idea); Interference-Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum, difference between interference and diffraction, resolving power of microscope and telescope; Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s law, Use of polarised light and polaroids.
UNIT 18: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiations
Photoelectric effect, Einstein photoelectric equation - particle nature light, photo-cell, Matter waves -  wave nature of particles. De Broglie relation, Davisson and Germer experiment.
UNIT 19: Atomic Nucleus
Alpha particle scattering experiment, size of the nucleus - composition of the nucleus - protons and neutrons. Nuclear instability - Radioactivity-Alpha, Beta and Gamma particle/rays and their properties, radio- active decay laws, Simple explanation of alpha-decay, beta -decay and gamma decay; mass-energy relation, mass defect, Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number. Nature of nuclear forces, nuclear reactions, nuclear fission, nuclear reactors and their uses; nuclear fusion, elementary ideas of energy production in stars.
UNIT 20: Solids and Semiconductor Devices
Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), difference between metals, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory; Intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors, p-n junction, Semi-conductor diode-characteristics forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, solar cell, photo-diode, zener diode as a voltage regulator; Junction transistor, characteristics of a transistor; Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator; Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR); Elementary ideas
about integrated circuits.
UNIT 21: Principles of Communications
Elementary idea of analog and digital communication; Need for modulation, amplitude, frequency and pulse modulation; Elementary ideas about demodulation, Data transmission and retrieval, Fax and Modem. (basic principles) Space communications - Ground wave, space wave and sky wave propagation, satellite communications, ideas of remote sensing. Line communications - wire transmission lines, coaxial cables and optical fibres; telephone links, optical fibre communications (qualitative ideas)